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Ecological Urbanism

Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty, eds. Ecological Urbanism. 2010. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers. 665 pp. ISBN 978-3-0377818-9-0.

Review Essay by Jim Morrow

Ecological Urbanism is, literally and figuratively, a thick text that merges traditional academic articles with media and design to lay-out the foundation for a new, ecologic approach to urban planning. Its purpose, as the book’s back cover promises, is to draw-up “an imaginative and practical method for addressing existing as well as new cities.”

In many previous texts on urbanism and environmental matters, the city is treated as an unremediable site of critique. It’s seen as an environment that is a ‘blight’, ‘decayed’ or ‘ruined’. And this style of critique has seemingly become a default method in most discussions of urban ecology. And beyond being bleak and depressing, such discussions rarely wander from an apocalyptic narrative that views ecology as a material object – like a verdant place set apart from the machinic life of humanity – when it is, instead, a construct of relations, whether it be human or plant or toxin.

Fourier Phalanastère (Thanks to George Mason Univ.)

Fourier Phalanastère (Thanks to George Mason Univ.)

(Continued)

Political Affect

John Protevi. Political Affect: Connecting the Social and Somatic. 2009. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. 241 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8166-6510-5

Reviewed by Randi Nixon, University of Alberta (Canada).

Affect has been used in increasingly diffuse ways in various academic discourses; cultural studies, feminist theory, postcolonial theory and several other theoretical strains interested in the social realm have been exploring the possibilities and implications of theorizing affect. However, while affect indeed possesses great theoretical possibilities, elaboration into exactly how the term can be put to work as an analytical tool in theorizing social and political phenomena has largely been absent from the discussion. In Political Affect: Connecting the Social and the Somatic, John Protevi attempts to ground affect by developing the concept using a variety of theoretical resources. In doing so, he adds insight into how affect can be used to delve deeper into understanding the interconnectedness of the social, the political, the physiological, and the personal.

An impressive and somewhat daunting theoretical complexity is established early on in the book. The first part “A Concept of Bodies Politic” is dedicated to carefully defining and clarifying his concepts. Part II “Bodies Politic as Organisms” further situates his analysis within a long philosophical history by putting Deleuze’s assertion, “the organism is the judgment of God” into a metatheoretical conversation with the work of Aristotle and Kant. The last section of the book “Love, Rage, and Fear” is where the reader finally begins to see the application and relevance of his theoretico-philosophical concepts.

Suffragettes Vote, New York 1917 (thanks to joshiejuice.com).

Suffragettes Vote, New York 1917 (thanks to joshiejuice.com).

(Continued)

Home Making (1)

Being at home is often understood as a matter of identification. It happens when you recognize a place of dwelling as the place where you belong: a habitat, so to speak, where one feels comfortable.

I am writing a paper at the moment where I want to link the practice of home making to thge German notion of Heimat. The first version of this paper will be presented as a lecture at the next European Sociology Degree Summer School in Dresden (12-23 September 2010). The following is uis the abstract:

Being at home is often thought to be possible without having a home. Homeless people can feel at home somewhere too, but I want to argue that today that we should be less focused on being and more on having. This is because I want us to be mindful of the properties of being at home, which are not modalities of being but modalities of having. Moreover, I want to develop the claim that the English word for Eigen, which we tend to be the core of identity: das Eigene, which is “proper” ,has become linked with a notion of cleanliness “being proper” which is linked to developments in the 19th Century, during the confirmation of modern, western, European society. Furthermore,. focusing on the development of the Victorian household (see Ian Roderick’s contribution to the very first issue of Space and Culture on Flow), I want to point out the links between the development of the modern European subject, and an emergent scientific outlook on social ordering. Finally, I want to focus more closely on that dimension of ‘being at home’ that we often forget: the domestic; and argue that the propriety of the domestic , to show that the “becoming homely” of modern Europe has above all become a matter of gendering.

… Joost

Has the Apocalypse happened?

Facebook messages from my connections in England are referring to riots taking place in a number of inner city areas in England. British politicians and journalists have found it relatively easy to denounce these riots as the work of criminals. Very few reflections can be found that try and engage with any issues that might be at stake.
Unbeknown perhaps to those who deploy the term ‘copycats’ to describe continuation and spreading of the rioting, these events provide a testimony to the Tardean concept of ‘imitation’ as the basic form through which the social emerges. Seemingly without ground, rioting spreads from Tottenham to other areas of London, and then outwards to Birmingham, Nottingham and even Liverpool.
The label ‘opportunistic yobs’ however raises more questions than it answers. What is going on in a society when such disturbances spread so easily without ground? What links the actions in Tottenham, Nottingham and Liverpool? What exactly is the stuff of these particular imitations? Media quickly blame media: Twitter, Facebook even Television. However, that is still not an explanation why groundless imitation has taken place.
Perhaps we should take this groundlessness more seriously. Collective violence is an emergent (social) event perhaps because other collectives have broken down. England is in a very serious political-economic predicament: the world economy is slumping into a recession, financial markets are collapsing, the very infrastructure of late capitalism seems to have come to a grinding halt.

Perhaps we should try and link the current riots in England with the so called Arab Spring and we would see other things at stake. Suddenly, criminals would become legitimate protestors fighting against an oppressive state who have turned democracy into a puppet show (is this perhaps the real reason why Spitting Image has disappeared from our television screens: reality is already funny enough?). Do we blame Al Jazeera for being too critical? What is clear among all of this is that analysis is failing in a most rudimentary sense. This, I would argue, is the most powerful indicator that we are dealing with an apocalypse.

In 1997, the second issue of space and culture appeared under the title ‘Apocalypse’ and there I asserted that the apocalypse had already happened, if one were to define it not as a complete and total rapture, but as a ‘cool revelation’ that the world as we know it has come to an end. That was 3 years before the dot.com economy collapsed, 4 years before 9.11, 6 years before the second gulf war, 7 years before the premiere of Team America World Police and the revelation that Kim Jong Ill, the alleged center of the Axis of Evil, is in fact a cockroach, 8 years before the Tsunami, 10 years before the credit crunch, 13 years before Fukushima.
In no way is what we published back in 1997 a prophecy of what was to come. We simply maintained that it had already happened. Everything that followed was nothing more than a repetition of what happened before. As we act like vultures, hovering over the cadavers of meaningless reflection, all we can do is perform the same cycles over and over again.

To go back then to the riots, the most sensible next step would be to stop meaninglessly asserting the meaninglessness of collective violence and start engaging in more meaningflul responses.  If the riots are mere imitations, what is being imitated? Why are these imitations taking place in England and why now? What alternatives can we offer those who are inclined to ’seize the opportunity’ to go out in the streets and engage in collective violence?

Joost

Thoughts about Space and Culture (5)

Creating Concepts

Space and culture, then, is still all about the ‘and’; about the connections between practices of repetition and processes of objectification. What we aim to achieve, in the next 15 years or so, is to become a venue where social sciences can engage empirically with questions of the everyday. The key questions remain the same; they are concerned with presence, presentation, and representation. They are still concerned with the way in which these processes are distinctive social spatializations. Likewise, we are still concerned with the relative durability of significance as it is inscribed in distinctive objects. However, they need to become more precise, more empirical, more specific, -because the smaller is always more complex – and therefore more revealing than the larger. We want to learn in more detail which repetitions have taken place to enable which particular objectifications. How do distinctive imitations ‘make’ space. We want to know more about objects; how they have been constructed; how they have been modified; what work they are called upon to perform; which associations they have enabled; which associations they have disabled.

Association, the ‘and’ is what permeates both space and culture. Perhaps we will be accused on re-inventing a certain formalism or structuralism, a juxta-structuralism to be more precise. Perhaps we will be accused of naïve objectivism or empiricism. Yes, we are interested in juxta-structurings as particular ways of ordering, i.e. in terms of sequences or patterns. True, we are intending to ‘make objects speak’ and we are certainly not going to shy away from the principle that experience grounds all possibilities for thought. Above all, I hope we will be able to embrace a ‘philosophy of having’ rather than a ‘philosophy of being’. That is, what if we start thinking of spaces as ‘having’ specific qualities (objects), which would in turn have to be reversed in the sense that a space ‘is being had or has been had’ because we always have to explain the larger from the smaller.

This Tardean insight, which has been put in practice for the last 30+ years by several actor network theorists, implies a new way of doing social sciences as well as a return to a pre-Kantian metaphysics (one that could be traced back to Epicurus but is perhaps most famously attributed to Baruch Spinoza) as ‘monism’. The key to monism is the non-separation of ‘mind’ and ‘body’, or more importantly, the abolition of the idea of a splitting of matter between essence and appearance.

Although this may not sound very revolutionary, and it has indeed been repeated quite frequently throughout the last 200 years by philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, Whitehead, Heidegger, Deleuze, Stengers and Latour, the consequences are still immense. If we no longer think in terms of a separation between the Ideal and the Real, which is thus an acceptance of the univalence of the Virtual, we are liberated from having to work on the basis of deeply problematic assumptions. We can just start ‘in the middle’ which is in the middle of empirical research, because as Whitehead states, only experience can provide philosophical evidence.

So, we are proposing a new beginning for space and culture research; one that more radically embraces the empirical, yet at the same time, does not get bogged down with ‘describing places’. We want encounters with perspectives of virtualities that generate concepts, i.e. the work of philosophy; we want to make objects speak by generating functives and prospects, i.e. the work of science, and we want to develop ways of appreciating by generating percepts and affects, i.e. the work of art. We want to be a journal for empirical philosophy and social science and for that reason we require contributions that have a strong grounding in empirical research. We are not looking for studies that apply concepts, but ones that create concepts.

Percepts: http://armchairarcade.com/neo/node/1345

…. Joost